Ion bonding stainless steel
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Polymer-based temporary bi-implants are commercially available, and, in general, are made of either natural polymers (such as collagen, alginate, agarose, chitosan, fibrin) or synthetic polymers (such as poly-glycolic acid, poly-lactic acid, and poly-dioxanone).
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Obtained from, with permission from Woodhead Publishing, 2018. The gradual decrease in stiffness of a biodegradable magnesium implant and concurrent healing of the bone. The prospects and challenges of using magnesium-alloy-based implants are discussed in the following sections.
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In this review, the required properties of temporary implants are discussed with a focus on magnesium-alloy-based temporary implants. Thus, implant materials that ‘biocorrode’, such as magnesium alloys, are currently attracting significant interest. Additionally, when used as temporary implants (such as plates, screws, and wires), a second surgery is generally required to remove the implant after the tissues have healed, which leads to increasing patient morbidity and healthcare costs. However, it is well-known that these alloys also contribute to various negative effects, including stress shielding and inflammation of local tissues due to a potential release of cytotoxic ions. The traditional implant materials, including stainless steels, titanium alloys, and cobalt–chromium alloys, possess good resistance to corrosion, wear, and fatigue along with excellent load-bearing capabilities. Table 1 shows the commonly used implants.Īmong the various types of implant materials, metallic implants are widely used as orthopaedic, cardiovascular, and, in some cases, as oral implants. Depending on their applications (such as orthopaedic, oral/dental, or cardiovascular), implants can be of different types. The applicability of implants in a physiological environment mandates that they possess (i) excellent biocompatibility, requiring an adequate biological response (ii) good mechanical properties (iii) excellent corrosion resistance and (iv) high resistance to fatigue. The application of implants varies depending on various requirements, such as (i) the healing and stabilization of the fractured bones by using screws, rods, and plates (ii) the rectification of deformities, such as an abnormal spinal curvature (iii) an improvement in the function of an organ and/or other parts of human body and (iv) the replacement of a damaged and/or diseased part of the anatomy, such as damaged arthritic joints and malfunctioning heart valves. Implants are a type of biomaterials that are typically inserted into a host tissue to induce desired cellular behaviour and restore any impaired physical functions. Based on the material–host tissue interaction, biomaterials can be broadly classified into three categories : (i) biotolerant materials (ii) bioactive materials and (iii) bioinert materials. Biomaterials are inorganic or organic materials that are designed to mimic physiological components and/or processes. The development of a variety of biomaterials is among the most notable innovations. The significant advancement in medical science and technology has considerably improved the quality and longevity of human life.
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This paper also provides a comprehensive review of the corrosion mitigation measures for these temporary implants. This paper comprehensively reviews the prospects of magnesium alloy implants and the current challenges due to their rapid degradation in a physiological environment. However, the corrosion behavior of magnesium implants with and without a surface modification has been generally investigated under in-vitro conditions, and studies under in-vivo conditions are limited, which has contributed to the lack of translation of magnesium implants in practical applications. Different approaches, such as alloying, surface modification, and conversion coatings, have been explored to improve the corrosion resistance of various magnesium alloys. Though the ability of magnesium to harmlessly biodegrade and its inherent biocompatibility make magnesium alloys a suitable choice for a temporary implant, their high corrosion rates limit their practical application, as the implants can potentially corrode away even before the healing process has completed. Owing to their suitable mechanical property and biocompatibility as well as the technological possibility of controlling their high corrosion rates, magnesium and its alloys have attracted significant attention as temporary bio-implants.